Rules and Regulation for Betting

 

Rules and Regulation for Betting

Taiwan Sports Lottery

 

Chapter One: General Rules

 

Article 1.

To safeguard and maintain the overall interests of the sports lottery players, Taiwan Sports Lottery Co., (TSLC) therefore draws up this Rules and Regulations for Betting (hereafter "Rules"). The principle of this rules and regulation is primarily based upon the associated Act, Regulations and Capitulations such as "Sports Lottery Issue Act"," Regulations Governing the Management of the Sports Lottery", "The principal criteria of invalid betting of sports lottery ", "The capitulations of the selection and management of the retailers for the second term of Sports Lottery", "The capitulations of the sales and management of virtual channel for the second term of Sports Lottery" and other related regulations. The Rules will be eligible for revision, and made public, as needed by actual operation and in due time.

Article 2.

The terms as used in this Rules shall be defined as follows:

  1. The Issuing Institute: ADATA Technology Co., Ltd
  2. There are two types of Delegated Organizations which shall be defined as below:
    1. The Delegated Organization for Operation: Taiwan Sports Lottery Co.,
    2. The Delegated Organization for Cashing: CTBC Bank Co., Ltd
  3. Retailers: referred to those who sign the contract with the Issuing Institute or the Delegated Organization and get the granted licenses from the Issuing Institute to sell sports lottery.
  4. Physical Channel:  referred to the Betting Shops, Point-of-Sales, authorized by TSLC
  5. Virtual Channel: referred to the way of betting Sports Lottery via telephones, internet and other electronic devices.
  6. Validation Sites: referred to the places where are authorized by TSLC to validate the winning tickets, which include betting shops, the Delegated Organization for Cashing and other appointed financial institutions.
  7. Program: referred to the information provided by TSLC and published on the official website, which contains all the information including Events Code, Away/Home team, Play Type and Reference Odds for individual sports event.
  8. Event Code: referred to the designated code, generally in 3-digit or 4-digit, to specify the unique Sports event for betting.
  9. Away Team: referred to the team or player at the first position of the program either displayed from left to right horizontally, or from top to bottom vertically.
  10. Home Team: referred to the team or player at the second position of the program either displayed from left to right horizontally, or from top to bottom vertically.
  11. Play Type: referred to the kinds of games offered to the players to predict the game results, which include Money line, Run Line, Double Chances, Under/Over, Odd/Even, Inning Bet, Quarter Bet, Set Bet, First/Next Score, Victory Margin, Correct Score, Championship, Ante Post and others offered by TSLC.
  12. Odds: referred to the multipliers of the betting amounts for the winning bet.
  13. Fixed Odds: referred to the odds which players place the bet and accepted by the system. This is note-worthily a fixed value on betting, and shall not be changed by any further adjustment after placing the bet by player.
  14. Valid Bet: referred to the completion of the betting, which implies the betting content having been successfully stored onto the lottery system and tickets being printed out via physical channel; or the betting content having been successfully stored onto the lottery system via virtual channel.
  15. Official Regulation Event Time:
    1. Baseball Event : Otherwise stated in  the stipulation or the program, an official completed baseball event is set to be played till the top of 9th inning (If home team is leading) or tie at the end of the 9th inning plus the extra inning(s) if necessary and the extra inning(s) will be settled as the final result of the event;For an official international baseball event, a "Run Ahead" or "Mercy Rule" is called which event may not play a completed 9 innings of duration if the organizer or referee has called the game to finish.
    2. Basketball Event:Otherwise stated in  the stipulation or the program, an official completed basketball event is set to be played 40 minutes or 48 minutes of the duration, if during the end the of regular duration the score is tie on both sides, overtime(s) will be counted and included as the final result of the event.  If a basketball event is set to be played 40 minutes, has already reached to 35 minutes (including 35 minutes) mark or the event is set to be played 48 minutes, has already reach 43 (including 43 minutes) minutes mark, and the organizer or referee has called the game to finish, the result of the event will be settled as the official result.
    3. Football Event:Otherwise stated in  the stipulation or the program, an official completed football event is set to be played 90 minutes of the duration which includes the time added on by the referee in respect of injuries and other possible stoppages, but exclusion of the extra time, penalty kick or repeat of the game.
    4. Tennis Event:An official completed tennis event is set to be played in 5 sets, the tennis player has won up to 3 sets shall be regarded as the winner of the event; or if an official tennis event is set to be played in 3 sets, the tennis player has won up to 2 sets shall be regarded as the winner of the event.
  16. Live Betting: referred to the player can place the bets during regulation event time.
  17. Co-winner: referred to 2 or more than 2 betting selection which correctly predict the final event result.
  18. One Column: referred to the basic betting unit and the price is NT$ 10.
  19. Members: referred to the persons who are eligible to place the bet via virtual channel provided by TSLC following the proper application process.
  20. Virtual Account: referred to the specific series numbers assigned to the member to log in the system for depositing, receiving winning amount and refunding.
  21. Account Betting: referred to members use virtual account channel under TSLC betting rules to deposit, receive winning amount and refund. In fact, TSLC system will record betting details in members' virtual account but without the tickets.
  22. Deposit: referred to the operation that the money amount being transferred into the designated member account via proper financial institution mechanism.
  23. Withdraw: referred to the operation that the money amount being transferred from the designated member account to member's own saving account in local financial institution.


Article 3.

Issuing Institute, Delegated Organizations, other related financial Institutions, all retailers and players must follow this Rules.

Article 4.

TSLC would publish this Rules on TSLC official website, and provide users' handbook in retailer store.

Article 5.

Players should read this Rules before actually placing bet. It also implies that for users who finish placing bet means having read, understood and agreed with this Rules accordingly.

Article 6.

Issuing Institute, Delegated Organizations and retailers should not sell tickets or pay winning amount to anyone under 20 years old. The Issuing Institute will not take the responsibility for paying winning amount to those who are under 20 years old, moreover, it can ask for the payment back even after the cashing the prize.

Article 7.

Employees of Issuing institute, Delegated organization are not allowed to buy tickets. In addition, for those who, staff and team players, participated in any betting target event cannot place selections or buy tickets of the related events.

Article 8.

Anyone who has access to the names and address of winners of the lottery shall keep that information confidential except otherwise provided by law. Violators shall be responsible for winner's losses resulting from violations of the preceding paragraph upon winner's request and issuing institute, too.

Article 9.

The winners shall not ask for prohibition of prize payments on the grounds that sports lottery tickets are lost, stolen or mutilated. The provisions of the proviso of Paragraph 1 of Article720, Article 725 and Article 727of the Civil Law shall not be applicable.

Article 10.

No prize money shall be paid for winning lottery tickets which have been damaged beyond recognition by fire, water, oil, stain or other means.

Article 11.

For the purpose of operating risks concerns, the Delegated Organization for operation has the right to reject a bet which placed by a player.
 

Chapter Two: Betting through Physical Channel

Article 12.

Retailer Operation Hours are as follow:
 

  1. The compulsive business hours are from 10:00am to 20:00pm.
  2. In addition to compulsive business hours, the non-compulsive business hours are from 6:45am to  1:45am (the next day); Retailer can sell sports lottery during this period of time if needed.


Article 13.

A player can place a bet by one of the following two ways: the first one is that to fill the bet slip and deliver it to a retailer; or the second one is that to orally inform the retailer the betting content, and the retailer places a bet by entering betting content into the lottery terminal to complete the bet.

Article 14.

A player should fill the bet slip by using ballpoint pen (in black or blue color only), also the content on the bet slip should be clear enough and readable to the lottery terminal.
 

Chapter Three: Betting through Virtual Channel

Article 15.

The period of bet acceptance through virtual channel is from 6:45am to 1:45am (the next day).

Article 16.

Regulations related to member registration, deposit/withdraw, placing a bet and others:
 

  1. Member registration:
    1. The applicant must be the adult and apply it in person. Every applicant shall apply for sole one member account and designate his/her deposit account of domestic bank as the withdraw account.
    2. Otherwise stated in other regulations, the applicant shall apply in writing and send the application form by mail.
    3. For who has been approved by the delegated organization to become as a member will receive a member ID and an initial password. The member shall, following TSLC's instructions, activate his/her member account and change the initial password to start betting.
  2. Deposit and withdraw:
    1. The member should deposit into the pre-designated account, in order to make sure the balance of the account is positive, before placing a bet. The deposit of the member account is not the finance account, non-interest bearing.
    2. The Member can withdraw anytime and the number of times has no restriction. The limit of maximum amount in each withdraw will be complying with the regulation of the delegated organization for cashing.
    3. If the member account isn't belonged to the delegated organization for cashing, the member should cover the extra charge himself/herself.
    4. The withdraw money amount will transfer to the pre-designated account by the next business day. For the reasons that cause the member's loss but can't be attributed to the issuing institute, the issuing institute isn't responsible for the indemnity.
  3. Place a Bet:
    1. The member shall follow the following steps when placing a bet:
      1. Login the lottery system through TSLC website or mobile application program.
      2. The system will verify user identification by checking "login ID" and "password," as the checking is valid the member is able to  login the system. The system will then text an OTP (One Time Password) message to the pre-designated mobile device, the member shall input the OTP numbers, after the check of the OTP numbers by system, before placing a bet.
      3. Through Internet or mobile application program, the content of the bet shall be recorded, confirmed and replied by the lottery system, and then the betting procedure shall be completed.
    2. After the procedure has completed, the bet shall not be cancelled or revoked in any way.
    3. A bet placed through virtual channel, it's not applied to Consumer Protection Law Article 19 and Article 19-1.
    4. For the reasons that communication disconnection, network congestion, power outages or other incidents and the reasons can't be attributed to the delegated organization for operation, which causes the betting transaction is error, interrupted, out of transmission or delays, the delegated organization for operation is not be responsible for the related indemnity.
    5. The Members outside the ROC territory is allowed to place a bet via the virtual channel. All bet placed via the facilities of the delegated organization for operation, the bet is considered to it that betting in the territory of the ROC, the relevant rights and obligations shall be followed by the ROC laws.
    6. Even applying the item above, the member places a bet outside the ROC territory shall understand and obey the related laws and regulations, and is responsible for the consequences of betting by the facilities of the delegated organization for operation, the risks and the obligations.
  4. Membership Termination
    1. The delegated organization for operation has the right to terminate the membership of the member if one of following circumstances applies:
      1. The applicant information is not true.
      2. The member allows his/her member account using by others, or the member violates the rules and regulations for betting, the money laundering control act or other relevant laws and regulations.
      3. The issuing of sports lottery stops, or the virtual channel betting stops.
      4. The period of issuing sports lottery is expired, or the right to issuing sports lottery is terminated by the government authority.
    2. The member can apply for the membership termination; the withdrawing of the account balance follows the rules and regulations of betting.


Chapter Four: Betting Regulations and Bet Types


Article 17.

The minimum unit of sports lottery price (hereafter "column") is NT$10, the minimum amount of each transaction is NT$100.

Article 18.

Betting Regulations are as followed:

  1. The maximum amount of each transaction is NT$100,000.
  2. The maximum prize amount of each transaction is NT$ 20,000,000; if the prize of a transaction has exceeded to the maximum prize amount, the prize amount shall be up to NT$ 20,000,000 whatsoever.


Article 19.

The winning prize will be rounded to single digit.

Article 20.

The Sports Lottery which players buy are those all fixed odds betting.

Article 21.

The dead-line of betting: In addition to Live Betting, the dead-line of betting for each game is the kick-off time of the game. The dead-line of Championship will depend on the schedule announcement adjust its dead-line of betting.

Article 22.

TSLC is eligible to announce whether the game is a Single or Live Betting from different kinds of games or playing types.
 

  1. Single: Players may choose only one game to bet for each compound.
  2. All Up Combinations:
    1. Players have to choose 2 games or more than 2 games or types to bet for each compound.
    2. Players can only select one type of each game, but cannot choose the same game to make the combination on the same betting slip.
  3. Levels
    1. In the "Levels" column, select 1 represent that it can be winning by predicting only one result of the game(level1 / single); select 2 represent that it have to predict two results of the games to win.(level2)…and so on till level8.
    2. In the "Levels" column, which means it is able to choose multiple levels. For example: On prediction of 3 results out of 3 different events, when selecting 3 and 2 at the same time, it indicate that both level 3 (1 combination) and level 2 (3 combinations) being selected, therefore it has 4 combinations in total.
  4. Special stipulation: Betting on a level 3 game when combines with a level 1 game at the same time is free from being tied with betting on 3 events altogether.


Article 23.

The rules of the refunding
 

  1. Physical Channel
    1. Players may request the retailer to refund after the ticket is printed within five minutes, and before the dead-line of betting. The retailer may not reject the request by any reason.
    2. Players may not request to refund during live betting.
  2. Virtual Channel: Players may not request to refund if they bet by Virtual Channel.
  3. If the result of the game is beyond all of the selections which offered by TSLC, players may request to refund.


Article 24.

Players will win the prize if they correctly predict the results of different games or types. All kind of game types and the relative rules elaborate as follows:

  1. Money Line
    1. Sports: Baseball, Basketball, Football and Tennis
    2. Market: Players predict a sports game result within the legal game duration. It is offered differently sports by sports as seen in the following:
      1. Baseball, Basketball, and Tennis: Away team (player) wins or Home team (player) wins.
      2. Football: Away team wins, Draw or Home team wins.
  2. Run Line
    1. Sports: Baseball, Basketball and Football
    2. Market: Players predict a sports a game result which will be adjusted by handicap game line within the legal game duration. Markets are offered for different sports such like the following:
      1. Baseball, Basketball: Away team wins or Home team wins
      2. Football: Away team wins, Draw or Home team wins
      3. Handicap game line for baseball and basketball games should be offered by multiple of 0.5, however, for football should be offered by multiple of 1
      4. The game line for handicap market is a fixed value when players placed a bet through sports betting computer system, and will not be changed after any adjustment by TSLC.
      5. The game line for handicap should be adjusted for one team (away team or home team) but NOT for both teams.
  3. Double Chances (Money Line)
    1. Sports: Football
    2. Market: Players predict a football game result within the legal game duration and place on one of the following combination: "away team or draw", "draw or home team", "away team or home team."
  4. Double Chances (Run Line)
    1. Sports: Football
    2. Market: Players predict a football game result which will be adjusted by handicap game line within the legal game duration and place on one of the following combination: "away team or draw", "draw or home team", "away team or home team."
  5. Under/Over
    1. Sports: Baseball, Basketball, Football
    2. Market: Players predict a sports game total scores (runs) within the legal game duration will be under or over the game line which is offered by TSLC.
    3. The game line for under/over market is a fixed value when players placed a bet through sports betting computer system, and will not be changed after any adjustment by TSLC.
  6. Total Goal
    1. Sports: Football
    2. Market: Players need to predict the total goal of one football game in regulated time. The possible selections are 0~1、2~3 and 4+(including 4).
  7. Inning Winner
    1. Sports: Baseball
    2. Market: Players need to predict the result of certain inning in one baseball event. The possible selections are home, away and draw.
    3. Special condition:
      1. The certain inning should be complete which means 3 out of away team and 3 out of home team as finished the regulated time.
      2. If a baseball game is no finished in the regulated time, the bet on certain inning which is already finished still effective.
      3. If a baseball game is not finished in the regulated time and the unfinished inning is not finished before next day 24:00 local time, all the inning bet for this unfinished inning will be cancel.
      4. The 1st inning bet will be effective only if the starting pitcher is not changed; all the other inning market does not apply the regulation in Article 32, paragraph 7 about the starting pitcher change.
  8. Quarter Winner
    1. Sports: Basketball
    2. Market: Players needs to predict the result of certain quarter in one basketball event. The possible selections are home, away and draw.
    3. Special condition:
      1. the certain quarter needs to finish the regulated time which should be 10 or 12 minutes
      2. if a basketball game is not finished in the regulated time, the bet on certain quarter which is already finished still effective
      3. if a basketball game is not finished in the regulated time and the unfinished quarter is not finished before next day 24:00 local time, all the quarter bet for this unfinished quarter will be cancelled.
  9. Set Winner
    1. Sports: Tennis
    2. Market: Players needs to predict the result of certain set in one tennis event. The possible selections are home and away only.
    3. Special condition:
      1. If a tennis event is not finished in the regulated time, the bet on certain set which has already finished should be regarded as valid.
      2. If a tennis event is not finished in the regulated time and the unfinished set is not finished in reschedule time, all the set bet for this unfinished set should be regarded as cancelled.
  10. Odd/Even
    1. Sports: Baseball, Basketball, Football
    2. Market: Players have to predict that the total score between two teams will be odd numbers (1,3,5 etc.) or even numbers(0,2,4, etc.) within the legal game duration.
  11. First Goal/Next Goal
    1. Sports: Football
    2. Market: During a football game, players have to predict: (a) Away team were the first to score (or Away team will be next goal), (b) No scores at the end of normal time, (c) Home team were the first to score (or home team will be next goal).
  12. Victory margin
    1. Sports: Baseball, Basketball
    2. Market: Player has to predict the winning team and the score difference within the regulated game duration.
  13. Correct Score
    1. Sports: Football, Tennis
    2. Market: Players have to predict the final scores between two teams within the regulated game duration.
  14. Championships and Ante Post
    1. Sports: All
    2. Markets: Players have to predict the Championships of the tournaments, regular seasons, groups, or divisions or other special items offered.
    3. Special condition: If the results are co-winners, the winning prize will be summed and then divided by the total number of winners.


Article 25.

Live match or others specific matches will be determined by TSLC to offer or stop offering based on the dynamic the situations of the market.
 

Chapter Five: Publishing Match Progress and Results


Article 26.

All the match progresses and results will be confirmed based on the following principles:

  1. Game progresses and results will be based on the final call of the actual event.
  2. After confirmation of the game processes and results it will be published immediately. In fact, the payout will be based on the final call of the actual event, if the results changed after completion of the payout, it will not affect the previous payout.


Article 27.

Match progress and results will be published in the following manners:
 

  1. Announced on the TSLC's web site.
  2. Provide information through retailers.
  3. Provide inquiries through call center.

       If there are any differences with the information provided as above, the information of TSLC's website shall prevail.

Article 28.

In case of the errors on confirmation of the match progress and results, the following principle shall apply:

  1. Prior to the re-publication process and results of events, all actions to the match including payout and validation will be stopped until the proper adjustments is made.
  2. For those who have got the winnings prizes will not be asked to return.
  3. For those who have not got the winnings prizes will be paid based on the correct results.

 

Chapter Six: Validation


Article 29.

General rules on validation

  1. If the winning prize per one column is over NT$2,000 will be subject to deduct 20% winning tax and 0.4% stamp duty.
  2. Winners shall validate their tickets within the period of 3 months.
  3. The deadline of ticket validation will be postponed when government officially called off school and work nationwide due to any natural disasters. However, it will be taken into account on the case by case basis when it is not all administrative districts involved.
  4. Overdue tickets will be considered as those who waived their rights to accept the winnings.
  5. There is no transaction fee when validating.
  6. Winning amounts should be paid in full and in one sum.
  7. If a ticket has won more than one prizes, the highest one will be given.


Article 30.

General rules on validating tickets with retailer
 

  1. Depending on the actual prize amount, the validating sites could be as follow:
    1. Retailers are only allowed to validate any ticket with less than NT$ 2,000 in a single column and any ticket with less than NT$ 100,000.
    2. The Delegated Organization for Cashing and other appointed financial institutions will handle up to five million of validation.
    3. For the winning amount more than five millions will be asked to contact the call center to make arrangement for validation.
  2. A proper ID is needed when validating winning amount that is more than NT$2,000, however, no ID is needed for amount that is less than NT$2,000.
  3. In line with the provisions of the Money Laundering Control Act, a check will be given when a winning ticket reach a certain of amount of money.
  4. Any person holding the tickets will be its owner and subject to be taxed.
  5. When validating, the ticket need to be certified by a computer connection, and follow the general rules of validation. When payout is handled mistakenly, the validation sites will be hold accountable respectably.


Article 31.

General rules on validation with Virtual Betting

  1. Virtual betting winner should receive their winnings through their memberships' accounts after taxes
  2. Virtual betting winners are not subject to 0.4% stamp duty


Chapter Seven: The Definitions of Invalid Betting



Article 32.

For those which have the encountered the following circumstances are treated as invalid betting while betting the sports lottery:

  1. The time change before the kickoff of the event
    1. Ahead of actual kick off time: An event starts ahead of the scheduled time, all bets placed in the betting computer system after the kickoff of the event is considered invalid betting. However, the stated circumstance above does not include the live betting event.
    2. Postponement of kick off time: An event postpones and does not start in the specific period, the original bets in the betting computer system are considered invalid betting. The specific period is based on the local time of the venue. As for baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey and American football the specific period should be before 24:00 the following day, tennis should be in the scheduled period of the event authority, and for Formula 1 pole position and the Grand Prix Race should be within 36 hours.
  2. The suspension after the kickoff of the event
    1. Rematch after the suspension: An event suspends after kick off with the specific reasons, the event authority claims to rematch, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting.
    2. Reschedule after the suspension: An event suspends after kick off with the specific reasons, the event authority claims to reserve, but not reschedule in the specific period, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting. The specific period refers to base on the local time of the venue, baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey and American football should be next 00:00, tennis should be in the scheduled period of the event authority, Formula 1 pole position and the Grand Prix Race should be within 36 hours.
    3. Called game after the suspension: An event suspends after kick off with the specific reasons, the event authority claims to call game, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting.
    4. Exceptions : An event suspends after kick off with the specific reasons, but the markets of the bet have been winning and not affected by the results of the rematch or reschedule, the bet is considered valid betting.
  3. The change of the venue: In case the venue of event changes, TSLC should consider the original bets in the betting computer system as the invalid betting.
  4. The difference of Home/Away team: The Home or Away team list differently in the event schedule, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting.
  5. The difference of Home/Away team: The Home or Away team list differently in the event schedule, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting.
  6. Non clear result: The result of an event is not clear, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting.
  7. Any starting pitcher in one baseball event list differently in the event schedule, the original bets in the betting computer system is considered invalid betting. The starting pitcher should at least pitch one ball after the kickoff of the event
  8. The event schedule in the article 4 and 7 is based on the official website of TSLC.
  9. The Championship and the Ante Post items
    1. An event is cancelled or called game by the event authority, all Championship and Ante Post have not been resulted is considered invalid betting.
    2. Any participant withdraws before kick off the event, the bets of the Championship and Ante Post on the participant is considered invalid betting.
    3. An event postpones or delay ended, TSLC shall consider the Championship and Ante Post of the event as valid or invalid betting.


Article 33.

The ways of refunding processes of the invalid bets are as the followings:

  1. Single betting, players shall be refunded the original betting amount.
  2. Multiple betting, the odds of the events are set to be "1", however it shall refund all the original betting amounts should all the events be all invalid bets.
  3. For players bet on retailer sites can hold invalid betting tickets to the branches of delegated financial institution or other delegated financial institutions to process the refund. If the amount of one single invalid ticket does not exceed NT$100,000, it can also be refunded by the retailers nationwide. However, the aforementioned limit of the refund amount is subject to change and will be announced by TSLC.
  4. For account betting players the system will automatically handle the refund of invalid bets and the betting amounts will be automatically transferred to its member accounts with interest-free.


Chapter Eight: Problem Tickets



Article 34.

For the visually winning tickets or controversial tickets but cannot be validated on the terminals (or Management PC), the handling process is described as follows:

The players should download the application form from TSLC's website and fill out the problem ticket issues, then mail the application form, along with the original tickets and photocopy of ID card to "10599 Taipei Post Office No. 56-60" by double registered mail. After identifying and confirming the problem ticket issues, the refund or payment will be then performed.

 

Chapter Nine: Supplementary Provision


Article 35.

The Issuing Institute, Delegated Organization and retailers of sports lottery shall not be liable or other legal liability in case of the non-subject or beyond the control of its laws and regulations or changes in government policy or order, riots, wars, blockades, strikes, other labor disputes, fires, floods, earthquakes, storms, typhoons, explosion or natural disasters and other force majeure events causing players or third party loss or damage

Article 36.

Except for the negligence or major faults, the Issuing Institute, Delegated Organization and retailers of sports lottery shall not be liable or other legal liability in case of being unable to provide betting services due to the failure of the betting facilities or equipment, network or system problems or other reasons which cause any kind of damage or loss.

Article 37.

The dispute arising out of or related to this Rules is under the jurisdiction of the court of the Republic of China, and in accordance with the provisions of the civil procedure law and relevant laws under its jurisdiction courts.

Article 38.

For those items not stipulated in this Rules, then relevant laws of the Republic of China shall apply accordingly.